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Grammatically, if you mean "woman doctor" (or "Woman occupation") is the proper way, the male counterpart would be "man doctor", which to me sounds very awkward. I prefer using female and male. Or just say "doctor" unless there's some reason to describe the person as a male or female whateveritis.
In my opinion, female and male are better to use as adjectives. You don't usually say "A female" or "a male" and leave it at that, because the words do indicate there's something coming after, and like other adjectives they do describe the word, such as "a female doctor" or "a male cat".
Female and male are descriptive words, and can be used for anything that is female or male, whether it's an animal, human, sculpture, or piece of clothing, or whatever else you'd describe by gender. Man and woman are not descriptive words in the same sense. Using them as such makes (to me) equally ridicolous sense as saying "a man/woman dog", or "a man/woman child".